Antibodies; a Component of the Immune System That Recognizes Foreign Substances and Neutralize Them

 

Antibodies

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to infection. They are an important part of the body's defense system as they help destroy disease-causing organisms, such as bacteria or viruses, and prevent them from infecting human cells. There are five types of heavy chain constant regions in antibodies (immunoglobulin) and according to these types, they are classified into Immunoglobulin G (IgG), Immunoglobulin M (IgM), Immunoglobulin A (IgA), Immunoglobulin D (IgD), and Immunoglobulin E (IgE).

IgG is a most common type of antibody in the blood and other body fluids. Antibodies protect people from infection by remembering which germs people have been exposed to in the past. If those germs come back, the immune system attack them. By binding many kinds of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, IgG protects the body from infection. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) not only serves as the first line of host defense against infections but also plays an important role in immune regulation and immunological tolerance.

IgM is the first antibody isotype to appear during evolution, ontogeny, and immune responses. IgA is the first line of defence in the resistance against infection, via inhibiting bacterial and viral adhesion to epithelial cells and by neutralization of bacterial toxins and virus, both extra- and intracellularly. While, IgE is an antibody that is produced by the body's immune system in response to a perceived threat. Antibodies are proteins that the body’s immune system produces to recognize foreign objects. They recognize specific molecule on a pathogen called an antigen. These antibodies protect us from harmful organisms and diseases.

Antibody is a protein component of the immune system that circulates in the blood, recognizes foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses, and helps neutralize them. Antibodies attach themselves to the foreign substance, allowing other immune system cells to attack and destroy the substance. Because the Omicron has become the dominant variant in the U.S., the National Institute of Health recommends against using casirivimab plus imdevimab, bamlanivimab plus etesevimab, or sotrovimab (monoclonal antibodies) for the treatment of COVID-19.

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